Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 124-137 , September 2005

Hematologic Emergencies: Acute Anemia

References 

  1. Andral G. Essai d'hematologie pathologique. Masson and Cie (Paris): Fortin; 1843;[As cited in Talbott JH. A Biographical History of Medicine. New York, Grune and Stratton, 1970. p. 1047]
  2. Brugnara C, Lux SE. Introduction to anemias. In:  Handin RI,  Lux SE,  Stossel TP editor. Blood: principles and practice of hematology. 2nd ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2003;p. 1345–1360
  3. Schrier SL. Pathophysiology of thalassemia. Curr Opin Hematol. 2002;9:123–126
  4. Graham EA. The changing face of anemia in infancy. Pediatr Rev. 1994;15:175
  5. Rudolph AM, Nadas AS, Borges WH. Hematologic adjustments to cyanotic congenital heart disease. Pediatrics. 1953;11:454–464
  6. Cohen A. Hematologic emergencies. In:  Fleisher G,  Ludwig S editor. Textbook of pediatric emergency medicine. 4th ed.. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000;p. 859–873
  7. Chien S, Dellenback RJ, Usami S, Gregersen MI. Plasma trapping in hematocrit determination. Differences among animal species. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med. 1965;119:1155–1158
  8. Keen ML. Hemoglobin and hematocrit: an analysis of clinical accuracy. Case study of the anemic patient. Am Nephrol Nurs Assoc J. 1998;25:83–86
  9. Andrews NC. Disorders of iron metabolism and sideroblastic anemia. In:  Nathan DG,  Orkin SE,  Ginsburg D,  Look AT editor. Nathan and Oski's hematology of infancy and childhood. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company; 2003;p. 470–480
  10. Fiorelli G, Martinez di Montemuros F, Cappellini MD. Chronic non-spherocyte hemolytic disorders associated with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. Balliere's Best Pract Res Clin Haematol. 2000;13:39–55
  11. Kushner RF, Gleason B, Shanta-Retelny V. Reemergence of pica following gastric bypass surgery for obesity: a new presentation of an old problem. J Am Diet Assoc. 2004;104:1393–1397
  12. Garratty G. Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia—the last decade. Immunohematol. 2004;20:138–146
  13. Weinstein DA, Roy CN, Fleming MD, et al. Inappropriate expression of hepcidin is associated with iron refractory anemia: implications for the anemia of chronic disease. Blood. 2002;100:3776–3781
  14. Hung OL, Kwon NS, Cole AE, et al. Evaluation of the physician's ability to recognize the presence or absence of anemia, fever, and jaundice. Academic Emerg Med. 2000;7:146–156
  15. Bassimitci S, Yucel-Eroglu E, Akalar M. Effects of thalassemia major on components of the craniofacial complex. Br J Orthod. 1996;23:157–162
  16. Michaels LA, Cohen AR, Zhao H, Raphael RI, Manno CS. Screening for hereditary spherocytosis by use of automated erythrocyte indices. J Pediatr. 1997;130:957–960
  17. Patton WN, Cave RJ, Harris RI. A study of changes in red cell volume and haemoglobin concentration during phlebotomy induced iron deficiency and iron repletion using the Technion H1. Clin Lab Haematol. 1991;13:153–161
  18. Aslan D, Gumruk F, Gurgey A, Altay C. Importance of RDW value in differential diagnosis of hypochrome anemia. Am J Hematol. 2002;69:31–33
  19. Choi YS, Reid T. Anemia and red cell distribution width at the 12-month well-baby examination. South Med J. 1998;91:372–374
  20. Bhandari S, Norfolk D, Brownjohn A, Turney J. Evaluation of RBC ferretin and reticulocyte measurements in monitoring response to intravenous iron therapy. Am J Kidney Dis. 1997;130:814–821
  21. Mittman N, Sreedhara R, Mushnick R, et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content predicts functional iron deficiency in hemodialysis patients receiving rHuEPO. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;102:623–632
  22. Brugnara C, Zurakowski D, DiCanzio J, et al. Reticulocyte hemoglobin content to diagnose iron deficiency in children. JAMA. 1999;281:2225–2230
  23. Alcindor T, Bridges KR. Sideroblastic anemias. Br J Haematol. 2002;116:733–743
  24. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Nutrition . Iron fortification of infant formulas. Pediatrics. 1999;104:119–123
  25. Kwiatkowski JL, West TB, Heidar N, et al. Severe iron deficiency anemia in young children. J Pediatr. 1999;135:514–516
  26. de Vizia B, Poggi V, Conenna R, et al. Iron absorption and iron deficiency in infants and children with gastrointestinal diseases. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1992;14:21–26
  27. Ziegler EE, Jiang T, Romero E, et al. Cow's milk and intestinal blood loss late in infancy. J Pediatr. 1999;135:720–726
  28. Jayabose S, Giamelli J, Levendoglu-Tugal O, et al. Differentiating iron deficiency anemia from thalassemia minor by using an RDW-based index. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 1999;21:314
  29. Demir A, Yarali N, Fisgin T, et al. Most reliable indices in differentiation between thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia. Pediatr Int. 2002;44:612
  30. Perlman MK, Schwab JG, Nachman JB, Rubin CM. Thrombocytopenia in children with severe iron deficiency. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24:380–384
  31. Bilic E, Bilic E. Amino acid sequence homology of thrombopoietin and erythropoietin may explain thrombocytosis in children with iron deficiency anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25:675–676
  32. Geddis AE, Kaushansky K. Cross-reactivity between erythropoietin and thrombopoietin at the level of Mpl does not account for the thrombocytosis seen in iron deficiency. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2003;25:919–920
  33. Baillie FJ, Morrison AE, Fergus I. Soluble transferrin receptor: a discriminating assay for iron deficiency. Clin Lab Haematol. 2003;25:353–357
  34. Skikne BS, Flowers CH, Cook JD. Serum transferring receptor: a quantitative measure of tissue iron deficiency. Blood. 1990;75:1870–1876
  35. Punnonen K, Irjala K, Rajamaki A. Serum transferrin receptor and its ratio to serum ferretin in the diagnosis of iron deficiency. Blood. 1997;89:1052–1057
  36. Mentzer WC. Differentiation of iron deficiency from thalassemia trait. Lancet. 1973;1:822
  37. Sandoval C, Somasundaram J, Eden AN. Trends in diagnosis and management of iron deficiency during infancy and early childhood. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am. 2004;18:1423–1438
  38. Sandoval C, Berger E, Ozkaynak MF, et al. Severe iron deficiency anemia in 42 pediatric patients. Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;19:157–161
  39. Carpenter SL, Zimmerman SA, Ware RE. Acute parvovirus B19 infection mimicking congenital dyserythropoietic anemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2004;26:133–135
  40. Woolf AD, Campion GV, Chishick A, Wise S, Cohen BJ, Klouda PT, et al. Clinical manifestations of human parvovirus B19 in adults. Arch Int Med. 1989;149:1153–1156
  41. Mortimer PP, Humphries RK, Moore JG, Purcell RH, Young NS. A human Parvovirus-like virus inhibits haematopoietic colony formation in vitro. Nature. 1983;302:426–429
  42. Kellermayer R, Faden H, Grossi M. Clinical presentation of parvovirus B19 infection in children with aplastic crisis. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2003;22:1100–1101
  43. Skeppner G, Kreuger A, Elinder G. Transient erythroblastopenia of childhood: prospective study of 10 patients with special reference to viral infections. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol. 2002;24:294–298
  44. Young NS, Brown KE. Parvovirus B19. N Engl J Med. 2004;350:586–597
  45. Jordan JA. Diagnosing human parvovirus B19 infection: guidelines for test selection. Mol Diagn. 2001;6:307–312
  46. Wynn RF, Stevens RF, Bolton-Maggs PH, et al. Paroxysmal cold haemoglobinuria of childhood: a review of the management and unusual presenting features of six cases. Clin Lab Haematol. 1998;20:373–375
  47. Sokol RJ, Booker DJ, Stamps R. Investigation of patients with autoimmune haemolytic anemia and provision of blood for transfusion. J Clin Pathol. 1995;48:602–610
  48. Petz LD. A physician's guide to transfusion in autoimmune hemolytic anaemia. Br J Haematol. 2004;124:712–716
  49. Petz LD. Treatment of autoimmune hemolytic anemias. Curr Opin Hematol. 2001;8:411–416
  50. Koo AP. Therapeutic apheresis in autoimmune and rheumatic diseases. J Clin Apheresis. 2000;15:18–27

PII: S1522-8401(05)00086-8

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2005.06.001

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 6, Issue 3 , Pages 124-137 , September 2005