Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 6, Issue 4 , Pages 244-252 , December 2005

Pulmonary Embolism in the Pediatric Emergency Department

  • Rick C. Place, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence: Rick C. Place, MD, Department of Emergency Medicine, Inova Fairfax Hospital/Inova Fairfax Hospital for Children, 3300 Gallows Road, Falls Church, VA 22042.

References 

  1. Rosenberg RD, Aird WC. Vascular-bed–specific hemostasis and hypercoagulable states. N Engl J Med. 1999;340:1555–1563
  2. Goldhaber SZ. Pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 1998;339:93–104
  3. Turkistra F, Kuijer van Beek PMM, et al. Diagnostic utility of ultrasonography of leg veins in patients suspected of having pulmonary embolism. Ann Intern Med. 1997;12:775–781
  4. Lee LC, Shah K. Clinical manifestations of pulmonary embolism. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2001;19:925–940
  5. Moser KM, Fedullo PF, LittleKohn JK, et al. Frequent asymptomatic pulmonary embolism in patients with deep venous thrombosis. JAMA. 1994;271:223–225[And Erratum, JAMA 1994;271:1908]
  6. Donnelly KM. Venous thromboembolic disease in the pediatric intensive care unit. Curr Opin Pediatr. 1999;11:213–217
  7. Massicotte MP, Dix D, Monagle P, et al. Central venous catheter related thrombosis in children: analysis of the Canadian Registry of Venous Thromboembolic Complications. J Pediatr. 1998;133:770–776
  8. Stein PD, Kayali F, Olson RE. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in infants and children: data from the National Hospital Discharge Survey. J Pediatr. 2004;145:563–565
  9. Derish MT, Smith DW, Frankel LR. Venous catheter thrombus formation and pulmonary embolism in children. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995;20:349–354
  10. Andrew A, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian Registry of VTE. Blood. 1994;83:1251–1257
  11. David M, Andrew M. Venous thromboembolic complications in children. J Pediatr. 1993;123:337–346
  12. Schmidt B, Andrew M. Neonatal thrombosis: report of a prospective Canadian and international registry. Pediatrics. 1995;96:939–943
  13. Bernstein D, Coupey S, Schonberg K. Pulmonary embolism in adolescents. Am J Dis Child. 1986;140:667–671
  14. Buck JR, Connors RH, Coon WW, et al. Pulmonary embolism in children. J Pediatr Surg. 1981;16:385–391
  15. Andrew M, David M, Adams M, et al. Venous thromboembolic complications (VTE) in children: first analyses of the Canadian registry of VTE. Blood. 1994;83:1251–1257
  16. Nuss R, Hays T, Manco-Johnson M. Childhood thrombosis. Pediatrics. 1995;96:291–294
  17. Geerts WH, Code KI, Jay RM, et al. A prospective study of venous thromboembolism after major trauma. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1601–1666
  18. Vandenbroucke JP, Koster T, Briët E, et al. Increased risk venous thrombosis in oral-contraceptive users who are carriers of factor V Leiden mutation. Lancet. 1994;344:1453–1457
  19. Hsu DT, Addonizio LJ, Hordof AJ, et al. Acute pulmonary embolism in pediatric patients awaiting heart transplantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:1621–1625
  20. Rohrer MJ, Cutler BS, MacDougall E, et al. A prospective study of the incidence of deep venous thrombosis in hospitalized children. J Vasc Surg. 1996;24:46–50
  21. Monagle P, Chan A, Massicotte P, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in children: the seventh ACCP conference on antithrombotic and thrombolytic therapy. Chest. 2004;126:645S–687S
  22. Monagle P, Adams M, Mahoney M, et al. Outcome of pediatric thromboembolic disease: a report from the Canadian childhood thrombophilia registry. Pediatr Res. 2000;47:763–766
  23. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Pencharz P, et al. A cross-sectional study of catheter-related thrombosis in children receiving total parental nutrition at home. J Pediatr. 1995;126:358–363
  24. Svensson PJ, Dahlbäck B. Resistance to activated protein C as a basis for venous thrombosis. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:517
  25. Ridker PM, Miletich JP, Hennekens CH, et al. Ethnic distribution of factor V Leiden in 4047 men and women: implications for venous thromboembolism screening. JAMA. 1997;277:1305–1307
  26. Koster T, Rosendaal FR, de Ronde H, et al. Venous thrombosis due to poor anticoagulant response to activated protein C: Leiden thrombophilia study. Lancet. 1993;342:1503–1506
  27. Hagstrom JN, Walter J, Bluebond-Langner R, et al. Prevalence of the factor V Leiden mutation in children and neonates with thromboembolic disease. J Pediatr. 1998;133:777–781
  28. Andrew M, Paes B, Milner R, et al. Development of the hemostatic system in the full-term infant. Blood. 1987;70:165–172
  29. Andrew M. Developmental hemostasis: relevance to thromboembolic complications in pediatric patients. Thromb Haemost. 1995;74:415–425
  30. Andrew M, Mitchell L, Veigh P, et al. Thrombin regulation in children differs from adults in the absence and presence of heparin. Thromb Haemost. 1994;72:836–842
  31. Michelson AD, Bovill E, Monagle P, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in children. Chest. 1998;114:748S–769S
  32. Simioni P, Sanson BJ, Pradoni P, et al. Incidence of venous thromboembolism in families with inherited thrombophilia. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:198–202
  33. Manco-Johnson MJ. Disorders of hemostasis in childhood: risk factors for venous thromboembolism. Thromb Haemost. 1997;78:710–714
  34. PIOPED Investigators . Value of the ventilation/perfusion scan in acute pulmonary embolism: results of the prospective investigation of pulmonary embolism diagnosis (PIOPED). JAMA. 1990;263:2753–2759
  35. Kline JA, Nelson RD, Jackson RE, et al. Criteria for the safe use of d-dimer testing in emergency department patients with suspected pulmonary embolism: a multicenter US study. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;39:144–152
  36. Stein PD, Saltzman HA, Weg JG. Clinical characteristics of patients with acute pulmonary embolism. Am J Cardiol. 1991;68:1723–1724
  37. Green RM, Meyer TJ, Dunn M, et al. Pulmonary embolism in younger adults. Chest. 1992;101:1507–1511
  38. Mollitt DL, Golladay ES. Complications of TPN catheter-induced vena caval thrombosis in children less than one year of age. J Pediatr Surg. 1983;18:462–467
  39. Swinton NJC, Edgett JJM, Hall R. Primary subclavian-axillary vein thrombosis. Circulation. 1968;38:737–745
  40. Fesmire FM, Kline JA, Wolf SJ. Clinical policy: critical issues in the evaluation and management of adult patients presenting with suspected pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2003;41:257–270
  41. Holbert JN, Costello P, Federle MP. Role of spiral computed tomography in the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;33:520–528
  42. Kline JA, Johns KL, Colucciello SA, et al. New diagnostic tests for pulmonary embolism. Ann Emerg Med. 2000;35:168–180
  43. Mayo JR, Remy-Jardin M, Müller NL, et al. Pulmonary embolism: prospective comparison of spiral CT with ventilation-perfusion scintigraphy. Radiology. 1997;205:447–452
  44. Richman PB, Courtney M, Friese J, et al. Prevalence and significance of nonthromboembolic findings on chest computed tomography angiography performed to rule out pulmonary embolism: a multicenter study of 1,025 emergency department patients. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:642–647
  45. Monagle P, Michelson AD, Bovill E, et al. Antithrombotic therapy in children. Chest. 2001;119:344S–370S
  46. Andrew M, Paes B, Milner R, et al. Development of the human coagulation system in the healthy premature infant. Blood. 1988;72:1651–1657
  47. Andrew M, Marzinotto V, Massicotte P, et al. Heparin therapy in pediatric patients: a prospective cohort study. Pediatr Res. 1994;35:78–83
  48. Reverdiau-Moalic P, Gruel Y, Delahousse B, et al. Comparative study of the fibrinolytic system in human fetuses and in pregnant women. Thromb Res. 1991;61:489–499
  49. Leaker M, Massicotte MP, Brooker LA, et al. Thrombolytic therapy in pediatric patients: a comprehensive review of the literature. Thromb Haemost. 1996;76:132–134
  50. Andrew M, Brooker L, Leaker M, et al. Fibrin clot lysis by thrombolytic agents is impaired in newborns due to low plasminogen concentration. Thromb Haemost. 1992;68:325–330
  51. Browne M, Newall F, Campbell J, et al. Thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), analysis of safety and outcome in children. J Thromb Haemost. 2003;1(Suppl):1488
  52. Zenz W, Munteam W, Beitzke A, et al. Tissue plasminogen activator (alteplase) treatment for femoral artery thrombosis after cardiac catheterization in infants and children. Br Heart J. 1993;70:180–185
  53. Gore J, Sloan M, Price T, et al. Intracerebral hemorrhage, cerebral infarction, and subdural hematoma after acute myocardial infarction and thrombolytic therapy in the thrombolysis in myocardial infarctions study: thrombolysis in myocardial infarction. Phase II pilot and clinical trial. Circulation. 1991;83:448–459
  54. Gupta AA, Leaker M, Andrew M, et al. Safety and outcomes of thrombolysis with tissue plasminogen activator for treatment of intravascular thrombosis in children. J Pediatr. 2001;139:682–688
  55. Zenz W, Arlt F, Sodia S. Thrombolytic therapy in pediatric patients. Thromb Haemost. 1997;77:132–134
  56. Ngaage DL, Ahmed I, Chandrasekaran V. Pulmonary embolectomy in a child. Ann Thorac Surg. 2000;69:1248–1249
  57. Nowak-Gottl U, Von Kries R, Gobel U. Neonatal symptomatic thromboembolism in Germany: two year survey. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 1997;76:F163–F167

PII: S1522-8401(05)00103-5

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2005.09.003

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 6, Issue 4 , Pages 244-252 , December 2005

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution