Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 15-24 , March 2006

Family Presence in Emergency Medical Services for Children

  • Cathie E. Guzzetta, RN, PhD, AHN-BC, FAAN

      Affiliations

    • Holistic Nursing Consultants, Washington, DC
    • Children's Medical Center, Dallas, Washington, DC
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence: Cathie E. Guzzetta, RN, PhD, AHN-BC, FAAN, 4598 Laverock Place NW, Washington, DC 20007.
  • ,
  • Angela P. Clark, RN, PhD, CNS, FAAN, FAHA

      Affiliations

    • School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX
  • ,
  • Joseph L. Wright, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Children's National Medical Center and Pediatrics, Emergency Medicine and Prevention and Community Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC

References 

  1. Emergency Nurses Association . Presenting the option of family presence. 2nd ed. Des Plaines (Ill): The Association; 2001;[Webster] http://www.ena.org
  2. Fein JA, Gannet J, Allan ER. Medical staff attitudes toward family presence during pediatric procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2004;20:224–227
  3. Ong ME, Stirrer DE, Lim YH. Asian medical staff attitudes towards witnessed resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2004;60:45–50
  4. McGahey PR. Family presence during pediatric resuscitation: a focus on staff. Crit Care Nurs. 2002;22:29–34
  5. McClenathan BM, Torrington KG, Uyehara CF. Family member presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a survey of US and international critical care professionals. Chest. 2002;122:2204–2211
  6. Pafford MB. Should family members be present during CPR?. J Ark Med Soc. 2002;98:304–306
  7. Helmer SD, Smith RS, Dort JM, et al. Family presence during trauma resuscitation: a survey of AAST and ENA members. J Trauma. 2000;48:1015–1020
  8. Belanger MA, Reed S. A rural community hospital's experience with family-witnessed resuscitation. Emerg Nurs. 1997;23:238–239
  9. Eichhorn DJ, Meyers TA, Mitchell TG, et al. Opening the doors: family presence during resuscitation. J Cardiovasc Nurs. 1996;10:59–70
  10. Benjamin M, Holger J, Carr M. Personal preference regarding family member presence during resuscitation. Acad Emerg Med. 2004;11:750–753
  11. Doyle CJ, Post H, Burney RE, et al. Family participation during resuscitation: an option. Ann Emerg Med. 1987;16:673–675
  12. American Heart Association . 2005 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2005;112(24 Suppl):IV-1–IV-211
  13. Clark AP, Aldridge MD, Guzzetta CG, et al. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2005;17:23–32
  14. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field BJ, et al. Improved out-of-hospital cardiac arrest survival through the inexpensive optimization of an existing defibrillation program. OPALS study phase II. JAMA. 1999;281:1175–1181
  15. Peberdy MA, Kaye W, Ornato JP, et al. for the NRCPR Investigators Cardiopulmonary resuscitation of adults in the hospital: a report of 14,720 cardiac arrests from the National Registry of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation. Resuscitation. 2003;58:297–308
  16. Auble TE, Menegazzi JJ, Paris PM. Effect of out-of-hospital defibrillation by basic life support providers on cardiac arrest mortality: a metaanalysis. Ann Emerg Med. 1995;25:642–648
  17. Timmermans S. High touch in high tech: the presence of relatives and friends during resuscitation efforts. Sch Inq Nurs Pract. 1997;11:153–168
  18. Kouwenhoven WB, Jude JR, Knickerbocker GG. Closed chest cardiac massage. JAMA. 1960;173:1064–1067
  19. Public Access Defibrillation Trial Investigators . Public-access defibrillation and survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:637–646
  20. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Field B, et al. Advanced cardiac life support in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:647–656
  21. Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE, et al. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: experiences of family members, nurses, and physicians. Am J Nurs. 2000;100:32–42
  22. Berger JT, Brody G, Eisenstein L, et al. Do potential recipients of a cardiopulmonary resuscitation what their family members to attend? A survey of public preferences. J Clin Ethics. 2004;15:237–242
  23. Halm MA. Family presence during resuscitation: a critical review of the literature. Am J Crit Care. 2005;14:494–511
  24. NBC Dateline Poll . Should family members of patients be allowed in the emergency department during emergency procedures?. Available at: http://www.dateline.msnbc.com[Accessed Aug 6, 1999]
  25. USA Today Poll . Would you want to be in the emergency department while doctors worked on a family member? USA Today. Available at: http://www.USATODAY.com[Accessed Mar 7, 2000]
  26. Redley B, Beanland C, Botti M. Accompanying critically ill relatives in emergency departments. J Adv Nurs. 2003;44:88–98
  27. Boie ET, Moore GP, Brommett C, et al. Do parents want to be present during invasive procedures performed on their children in the emergency department? A survey of 400 parents. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:70–74
  28. Taylor N, Bonilla L, Silver P, et al. Pediatric procedures: do parents want to be present?. Crit Care Med. 1996;24(Suppl):131
  29. Bauchner H, Vinci R, Waring C. Pediatric procedures: do parents want to watch?. Pediatrics. 1989;84:907–909
  30. Bauchner H, Vinci R, Bak S, et al. Parents and procedures: a randomized controlled trial. Pediatrics. 1996;98:861–867
  31. Bauchner H, Waring C, Vinci R. Parental presence during procedures in an emergency room: results from 50 observations. Pediatrics. 1991;87:544–548
  32. Hanson C, Strawser D. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation: Foote Hospital emergency department's nine-year perspective. J Emerg Nurs. 1992;18:104–106
  33. Sacchetti A, Lichenstein R, Carraccio CA, et al. Family member presence during pediatric emergency department procedures. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1996;12:268–271
  34. Anderson B, McCall E, Leversha A, et al. A review of children's dying in a pediatric intensive care unit. N Z Med J. 1985;107:345–347
  35. Meyers TA, Eichhorn DJ, Guzzetta CE. Do families want to be present during CPR? A retrospective survey. J Emerg Nurs. 1998;24:400–405
  36. Robinson SM, Mackenzie-Ross S, Campbell-Hewson GL, et al. Psychological effect of witnessed resuscitation on bereaved relatives. Lancet. 1998;352:614–617
  37. Shapira M, Tamir A. Presence of a family member during upper endoscopy. J Clin Gastroenterol. 1996;22:272–274
  38. Powers KS, Rubenstein JS. Family presence during invasive procedures in the pediatric intensive care unit. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153:955–958
  39. Wagner JM. Lived experience of critically ill patients' family members during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Am J Crit Care. 2004;13:416–420
  40. Berns R, Colvin ER. The final story: events at the bedside of dying patients as told by survivors. ANNA J. 1998;25:583–587
  41. Wolfram RW, Turner ED. Effects of parental presence during children's venipuncture. Acad Emerg Med. 1996;3:58–63
  42. Turner P. Establishing a protocol for parental presence in recovery. Br J Nurs. 1997;6:794–799
  43. Doran M. The presence of family during brain stem death testing. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2004;20:32–37
  44. Sacchetti A, Paston C, Carraccio C. Family members do not disrupt care when present during invasive procedures. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:477–479
  45. Morse JM, Pooler C. Patient-family-nurse interactions in the trauma-resuscitation room. Am J Crit Care. 2002;11:240–249
  46. American Heart Association in Collaboration with the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation . Guidelines 2000 for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2000;102(8 Suppl):1–374
  47. Emergency Medical Services for Children . Guidelines for providing family-centered care, 2000. Available at: http://www.ems-c.org/Search/framesearch.htm[search “family presence.” Accessed March 7, 2005]
  48. American Academy of Pediatric and American Heart Association . In: PALS provider manual. Dallas (Tex): American Heart Association; 2002;p. 401–402
  49. In:  Gausche-Hill MA,  Fuchs S,  Yamamoto L editor. APLS: the pediatric emergency medicine resource. 4th ed. Sudbury (Mass): Jones and Bartlett; 2004;p. 625–626
  50. Emergency Nurses Association. Emergency Nursing Pediatric Course. 3rd ed. Des Plaines (Ill): The Emergency Nurses Association; 2004. p. 21, 22, 126.
  51. Emergency Nurses Association. Trauma Nursing Core Course [provider manual]. Park Ridge (Ill): The Emergency Nurses Association; 2002. p. 47, 290-1.
  52. Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses . CACCN position statement: family presence during resuscitation. London (Ontario): Canadian Association of Critical Care Nurses; 2005;
  53. American Association of Critical-Care Nurses . Practice alert: family presence during CPR and invasive procedures. AACN News. 2004;21:4
  54. Emergency Nurses Association . In: Presenting the option for family presence. Park Ridge (Ill): The Emergency Nurses Association; 1995;p. 1–84
  55. Emergency Nurses Association . Position statement: family presence at the bedside during invasive procedures and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Des Plaines (Ill): The Emergency Nurses Association; 2005;Available at: http://www.ena.org/about/position/PDFs/4E6C256B26994E319F66C65748BFBDBF.pdf[Accessed December 13, 2005]
  56. Sacchetti A, Carraccio C, Leva E, et al. Acceptance of family member presence during pediatric resuscitations in the emergency department: effects of personal experience. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2000;16:85–87
  57. Moreland P. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation in the emergency department: a review of the literature. J Emerg Nurs. 2005;31:58–72
  58. Boudreaux ED, Francis JL, Loyacano T. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitations in the emergency department: a critical review and suggestions for future research. Ann Emerg Med. 2002;40:193–205
  59. Ellison S. Nurses' attitudes toward family presence during resuscitative efforts and invasive procedures. J Emerg Nurs. 2003;29:515–521
  60. Bassler PC. The impact of education on nurses' beliefs regarding family presence in a resuscitation room. J Nurses Staff Dev. 1999;15:126–131
  61. Grice AS, Picton P, Deakin CD. Study examining attitudes of staff, patients and relatives to witnessed resuscitation in adult intensive care units. Br J Anaesth. 2003;91:820–824
  62. Eichhorn DJ, Meyers TA, Guzzetta CE, et al. Family presence during invasive procedures and resuscitation: hearing the voice of the patient. Am J Nurs. 2001;101:26–33
  63. Mangurten JA, Scott SH, Guzzetta CE, et al. Family presence: making room. Am J Nurs. 2005;105:40–48
  64. Clark AP, Guzzetta CE, Aldridge M, et al. Family presence at the bedside during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and invasive procedures: when pigs fly. In:  Mason DJ,  Leavitt JK,  Chaffee MW editor. Policy and politics in nursing and health care. 5th ed. St Louis (Mo): Elsevier; 2006;[in press]
  65. Titler MG, Kleiber C, Steelman VJ, et al. The Iowa model of evidence-based practice to promote quality care. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2001;13:497–509
  66. Dossey BM, Keegan L, Guzzetta CE. AHNA holistic nursing: a handbook for practice. In: 4th ed. Sudbury (Mass): Jones and Bartlett; 2005;p. 5–37
  67. Gonzalez JC, Routh DK, Saab PG, et al. Effects of parent presence on children's reactions to injections: behavioral, physiological, and subjective aspects. J Pediatr Psychol. 1989;14:449–462
  68. Jerrett MD. Children and their pain. Child Health Care. 1985;14:83–89
  69. Ross DM, Ross SA. A study of the pain experience in children. Final report. Bethesda (Md): National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; 1984;[Ref No 1 R01 HD 13672-01]
  70. MacLean SL, Guzzetta CE, White C, et al. Family presence during cardiopulmonary resuscitation and invasive procedures: practices of critical care and emergency nurses. Simultaneously published in Am J Crit Care. 2003;12:246–257and J Emerg Nurs. 2003;29:32–42
  71. Institute of Medicine . Committee on pediatric emergency medical services. In:  Durch JS,  Lohr KN editor. Emergency medical services for children. Washington (DC): National Academy Press; 1993;p. 211–216
  72. Beckman AW, Sloan BK, Moore GP, et al. Should parents be present during emergency department procedures on children, and who should make that decision? A survey of emergency physician and nurse attitudes. Acad Emerg Med. 2002;9:154–158
  73. Sacchetti AD, Guzzetta CE, Harris RH. Family presence during resuscitation attempts and invasive procedures: is there science behind the emotion. Clin Pediatr Emerg Med. 2003;4:292–296
  74. Wright J. Family centered care and end-of-life issues in EMSC: are we ready?. Pediatric Ethicscope. 2005;16:Available at: http://www.dcchildrens.com/dcchildrens/fordoctors/subnews/ped_ethiscope.aspx[Accessed December 10, 2005]
  75. National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians . Guidelines for providing family-centered prehospital care, 2001. Available at: http://www.ems-c.org/search/framesearch.htm[Accessed December 11, 2005]
  76. American Academy of Pediatrics . Pediatric education for prehospital professionals. 2nd ed. Sudbury (Mass): Jones and Bartlett; 2005;

PII: S1522-8401(06)00003-6

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2006.01.002

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 15-24 , March 2006