Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 38-51 , March 2006

Emergency Care of the Technology-Assisted Child

  • Jill C. Posner, MD, MSCE

      Affiliations

    • Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence: Jill C. Posner, MD, MSCE, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Division of Emergency Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA.
  • ,
  • Kathleen Cronan, MD, FAAP

      Affiliations

    • Department of Pediatrics, Division of Emergency Medicine, A. I. duPont Hospital for Children, Jefferson Medical College, Wilmington, DE
  • ,
  • Oluwakemi Badaki, MD

      Affiliations

    • Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA
  • ,
  • Joel A. Fein, MD, MPH

      Affiliations

    • Division of Emergency Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA

References 

  1. Newacheck PW, Strickland B, Shonkoff JP, et al. An epidemiologic profile of children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 1998;102:117–121
  2. Council on Children with Disabilities . Care coordination for children with special needs. Pediatrics. 2005;116:1238–1244
  3. McPherson M, Weissman G, Strickland BB, et al. Implementing community-based systems for services for children and youths with special health care needs: how well are we doing?. Pediatrics. 2004;113:1538–1544
  4. Adirim A, Smith E. Special children's outreach and prehospital education. Boston: Jones & Bartlett; 2006;
  5. Smith E, Singh T, Adirim T. Outstanding outreach: a prehospital notification system makes a difference for special needs children. JEMS. 2001;26:48–55
  6. Gracey K, Fiske E. Tracheostomy home care guide. Adv Neonatal Care. 2004;4:54–55
  7. Posner JC. The acute care of the child with a tracheostomy. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1999;15:49–54
  8. Fein JA, Cronan K, Posner JC. Approach to the care of the technology-dependent child. In:  Fleicher GR,  Ludwig S,  Henretig FM editor. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine. Philadelphia (Pa): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006;p. 1737–1758
  9. Pilmer SL. Prolonged mechanical ventilation in children. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1994;41:473–512
  10. Hadfield PJ, Lloyd-Faulconbridge RV, Almeyda J, et al. The changing indications for paediatric tracheostomy. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol. 2003;67:7–10
  11. Schreiner MS, Downes JJ, Kettrick RG, et al. Chronic respiratory failure in infants with prolonged ventilator dependency. JAMA. 1987;258:3398–3404
  12. Downes JJ, Schreiner MS. Tracheostomy tubes and attachments in infants and children. Int Anesthesiol Clin. 1992;37–60
  13. Sherman JM, Davis S, Albamonte-Petrick S, Chatburn RL, Fitton C, Green C, et al Care of the child with a chronic tracheostomy: the official statement of the American Thoracic Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2000;161:297–308
  14. Fitton CM. Nursing management of the child with a tracheotomy. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1994;41:513–553
  15. Bartlett JG, Faling LJ, Willey S. Quantitative tracheal bacteriologic and cytologic studies in patients with long-term tracheostomies. Chest. 1978;74:635–639
  16. Shurtleff DB. Characteristics of the various CSF shunt systems. Clin Pediatr. 1978;17:154–160
  17. Key CB, Rothrock SG, Falk JL. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt complications: an emergency medicine perspective. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:265–273
  18. Piatt JH. Physical examination of patients with cerebrospinal fluid shunts: is there useful information in pumping the shunt?. Pediatrics. 1992;89:470–473
  19. Iskandar BJ, McLaughlin C, Mapstone TB, et al. Pitfalls in the diagnosis of ventricular shunt dysfunction: radiology reports and ventricular size. Pediatrics. 1998;101:1031–1036
  20. Duhaime AC, Wiley JF. Ventricular shunt and burr hole puncture. In:  King C,  Henretig F editor. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Procedures. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2006;[in press]
  21. Guertin SR. Cerebrospinal fluid shunts: evaluation, complications, and crisis management. Pediatr Clin North Am. 1987;34:203–217
  22. Meirovitch J, Kitai-Cohen Y, Keren G, et al. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1987;6:921–924
  23. Yogev R. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections: a personal view. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1985;4:113–118
  24. Nelson JD. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1984;3:30–32
  25. Stamos JK, Kaufman BA, Yogev R. Ventriculoperitoneal shunt infections with gram-negative bacteria. Neurosurgery. 1993;33:858–862
  26. Madikians A, Conway EE. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt problems in pediatric patients. Pediatr Ann. 1997;26:613–620
  27. Odio C, McCracken GH, Nelson JD. CSF shunt infections in pediatrics. A seven-year experience. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138:1103–1108
  28. Ronan A, Hogg GG, Dlug GL. Cerebrospinal fluid shunt infections in children. Pediatr Infect Dis. 1995;14:782–786
  29. Morissette I, Gourdeau M, Francoeur J. CSF shunt infections: a fifteen-year experience with emphasis on management and outcome. Can J Neurol Sci. 1993;20:118–122
  30. Walker M, Fried A, Petronio J. Diagnosis and treatment of the slit ventricle syndrome. Neurosurg Clin N Am. 1993;4:701–714
  31. Portnoy HD, Schulte RR, Fox JL, et al. Anti-siphon and reversible occlusion valves for shunting in hydrocephalus and preventing post-shunt subdural hematomas. J Neurosurg. 1973;38:729–738
  32. Faulhauer K, Schmitz P. Overdrainage phenomenon in shunt-treated hydrocephalus. Acta Neurochirurgica. 1978;45:89–101
  33. Johnson DL, Conry J, O'Donnell R. Epileptic seizure as a sign of cerebrospinal fluid shunt malfunction. Pediatr Neurosurg. 1996;24:223–227
  34. Graneto JW. Gastrostomy tube replacement. In:  Henretig FM,  King C editor. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Medicine Procedures. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1997;p. 915–920
  35. Gauderer MW. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy. A 10 year experience with 220 children. J. Pediatr Surg. 1991;26:288–294
  36. Godbole P, Margabanthu G, Crabbe DC, et al. Limitations and uses of gastrojejunal feeding tubes. Arch Dis Child. 2002;86:134–137
  37. Koulentaki M, Reynolds N, Steinke D, et al. Eight years' experience of gastrostomy tube management. Endoscopy. 2002;34:941–945
  38. Segal D, Michaud L, Guimber D, et al. Late-onset complications of percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2001;33:495–500
  39. Kazi S, Gunasekaran TS, Berman JH, et al. Gastric mucosal injuries in children from inflatable low-profile gastrostomy tubes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 1997;24:75–79
  40. Browne B, Kauffman B, Brown C. Internal displacement of a gastrostomy button: an unusual case of gastric outlet obstruction. J Pediatr Surg. 1993;28:1575–1576
  41. Galloway S, Bodenham A. Long-term venous access. Br J Anaesth 92:722-34.
  42. Fuchs S. Accessing indwelling central lines. In:  King C,  Henretig FM editor. Textbook of Pediatric Emergency Procedures. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1997;p. 811–820
  43. CDC . Guidelines for the prevention of intravascular catheter-related infections. MMWR Morb Moral Wkly Rep. 2002;51:1–26
  44. McGee DC, Gould MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1123–1133
  45. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine . Emergency preparedness for children with special health care needs. Pediatrics. 1999;104:e53

PII: S1522-8401(06)00004-8

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2006.01.003

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 38-51 , March 2006