Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 25-30 , March 2006

Prehospital Pain Management: Current Status and Future Direction

  • Halim Hennes, MD, MS

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence: Halim Hennes, MD, MS, Children Corporate Center, 999 N. 92nd Street Suite C550, P.O. Box 1997, Milwaukee, WI 53226.
    • ,
  • Michael K. Kim, MD

References 

  1. McLean SA, Maio RF, Domeier RM. The epidemiology of pain in the prehospital setting. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:402–405
  2. McManus JG, Sallee DR. Pain management in the prehospital environment. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2005;23:415–431
  3. Chambers JA, Guly HR. The need for better pre-hospital analgesia. Arch Emerg Med. 1993;10:187–192
  4. Ricard-Hibon A, Chollet C, Saada S, et al. A quality control program for acute pain management in out-of-hospital critical care medicine. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:738–744
  5. Baskett PJ. Acute pain management in the field. Ann Emerg Med. 1999;34:784–785
  6. White LJ, Cooper JD, Chambers RM, Gradisek RE. Prehospital use of analgesia for suspected extremity fractures. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2000;4:205–208
  7. McEachin CC, McDermott JT, Swor R. Few emergency medical services patients with lower-extremity fractures receive prehospital analgesia. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:406–410
  8. Luger TJ, Wolfgang L, Gassner M, et al. Acute pain is under-assessed in out-of hospital emergencies. Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:627–631
  9. Fullerton-Gleason L, Crandall C, Sklar DP. Prehospital administration of morphine for isolated extremity injuries: a change in protocol reduces time to medication. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:411–416
  10. Hennes H, Kim M, Pirrallo R. Prehospital pain management: a comparison of providers' perception and practice. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:32–39
  11. Sowr R, McEchin CM, Seguin D, Grall KH. Prehospital pain management in children suffering traumatic injury. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;9:40–43
  12. Pointer JE, Harlan C. Impact of liberalization of protocol for the use of morphine sulfate in an urban medical service system. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2005;9:377–381
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  19. Zempsky WT, Cravero JP and the American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Section on Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine. Relief of pain and anxiety in pediatric patients in emergency medical systems. Pediatrics. 2004;114:1348–1356
  20. Stewart RD. Analgesia in the field. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1989;4:31–34
  21. National Association of Emergency Medical Services Physicians . Use of nitrous oxide: oxygen mixtures in prehospital emergency care. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1990;5:273–274
  22. Burn Foundation. Burns to children. National Health Interview Survey, National Hospital Discharge Survey, National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, National Electronic Injury Surveillance, 2001 Available at: http://www.burnfoundation.org [Accessed 2/2006].
  23. Hennes H, Kim MK, Pirrallo R, The impact of an educational module on prehospital pain management [unpublished data].
  24. Jones GE, Machen I. Pre-hospital pain management: the paramedics' perspective. Accid Emerg Nurs. 2003;11:166–172
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  32. Spedding RI, Harley D, Dunn FJ, McKinney IA. Who gives pain relief to children. J Accid Emerg Med. 1999;16:261–264
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  34. Faddy SC, Garlick SR. A systematic review of the safety of analgesia with 50% nitrous oxide: can lay responders use analgesic gases in the prehospital setting?. Emerg J. Med. 2005;22:901–908
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  37. Braude D, Richards M. To editor: appeal for fentanyl prehospital use. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2004;8:441–442
  38. Kobar A, Scheck T, Greher M, et al. Prehospital analgesia with acupressure in victims with minor trauma: a prospective randomized double blind study. Anesth Analg. 2002;95:723–727
  39. Barker R, Kober A, Hoerauf K, et al. Out-of-hospital auricular accupressure in elder patients with hip fracture: a randomized double-blinded trial. Acad Emerg Med. 2006;13:19–23
  40. Lovesky D, Bird S, Restuccia M, et al. Effect of a paramedic pain management training program on pre-hospital analgesic use. {Abst} Acad Emerg Med. 2003;10:450

PII: S1522-8401(06)00009-7

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2006.01.008

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 7, Issue 1 , Pages 25-30 , March 2006

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