Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 4 , Pages 248-252 , December 2007

Prehospital Evaluation and Management of Violent or Agitated Children

  • Michael Kim, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence: Michael Kim, MD, Children's Corporate Center, CCC 550, 999 N 92nd Street, Milwaukee WI 53226.
    • ,
  • Halim Hennes, MD, MS

References 

  1. Mock EF, Wrenn KD, Wright SW, et al. Anxiety levels in EMS providers: effects of violence and shifts schedules. Am J Emerg Med. 1999;17:509–511
  2. Corbett SW, Grange JT, Thomas TL. Exposure of prehospital care providers to violence. Prehosp Emerg Care. 1998;2:127–131
  3. Cheney PR, Gossett L, Fullerton-Gleason L, et al. Relationship of restraint use, patient injury, and assaults on EMS personnel. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2006;10:207–212
  4. Hill S, Petit J. The violent patient. Psychiatric emergencies. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2000;18:301–315
  5. Copeland R. Assessing the potential for violent behavior in children and adolescents. Pediatr Rev. 2006;27:e36–e41
  6. Brice JH, Pirrallo RG, Racht E, et al. Management of the violent patient. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2003;7:48–55
  7. Dorfman DH, Mehta SD. Restraint use for psychiatric patients in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006;22:7–12
  8. Kupas DF, Wydro GC. Patient restraint in emergency medical services systems. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2002;6:340–345
  9. Dorfman DH. The use of physical and chemical restraints in the pediatric emergency department. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2006;16:355–360
  10. Ross DL. Factors associated with excited delirium deaths in police custody. Mod Pathol. 1998;11:1127–1137
  11. Hicks JL, Smith SW, Lynch MT. Metabolic acidosis in restraint-associated cardiac arrest: a case series. Acad Emerg Med. 1999;6:239–242
  12. Sorrentino A. Chemical restraints for the agitated, violent, or psychotic pediatric patient in the emergency department: controversies and recommendation. Curr Opin Pediatr. 2004;16:211–215
  13. Frye MA, Coudreaut MF, Hakeman SM, et al. Continuous droperidol infusion for management of agitated delirium in an intensive care unit. Psychosomatics. 1995;36:301–305
  14. Rosen CL, Ratliff AF, Wolfe RE, et al. The efficacy of intravenous droperidol in the prehospital setting. J Emerg Med. 1997;15:13–17
  15. Thomas H, Schwartz E, Petrilli R. Droperidol versus haloperidol for chemical restraint of agitated and combative patients. Ann Emerg Med. 1992;21:407–413
  16. Joshi PT, Capozzoli JA. Droperidol in hospitalized children. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998;37:803–804
  17. MedWatch Safety Information . Inapsine (droperidol). US Food and Drug Administration (posted 12-06-2001). Available at: www.fda.gov/medwatch/SAFETY/2001/inapsine.htm[Accessed 7/21/07]
  18. Martel M, Sterzinger A, Miner J, et al. Management of acute undifferentiated agitation in the emergency department: a randomized double-blind trial of droperidol, ziprasidone, and midazolam. Acad Emerg Med. 2005;12:1167–1172
  19. Knott JC, Taylor DM, Castle DJ. Randomized clinical trial comparing intravenous midazolam and droperidol for sedation of the acutely agitated patient in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med. 2006;47:61–67

PII: S1522-8401(07)00057-2

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2007.08.004

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 8, Issue 4 , Pages 248-252 , December 2007

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution