Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 10, Issue 1 , Pages 14-19 , March 2009

Vaginal Bleeding In the Prepubescent Child

  • Bridgette Guthrie, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests and correspondence: Bridgette Guthrie, MD, Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's Memorial Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614.

References 

  1. Hill NC, Oppenheimer LW, Morton KE. The aetiology of vaginal bleeding in children. A 20-year review. Br J Obstet Gynecol. 1989;96:467–470
  2. Paradise JE, Willis ED. Probability of vaginal foreign body in girls with genital complaints. Am J Dis Child. 1985;139:472–476
  3. Wilson MD. Vaginal discharge and vaginal bleeding in childhood. In:  Carpenter SK,  Rock JA editor. Pediatric & adolescent gynecology. (2nd ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2000;p. 150–159
  4. Stricker T, Navratil F, Sennhauser FH. Vaginal foreign bodies. J Paediatr Child Health. 2004;40:205–207
  5. Smith YR, Berman DR, Quint EH. Premenarchal vaginal discharge: findings of procedures to rule out foreign bodies. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2002;13:227–230
  6. Striegel AM, Myers JB, Sorensen MD, et al. Vaginal discharge and bleeding in girls younger than 6 years. J Urol. 2006;176:2632–2635
  7. Someshwar J, Lutfi R, Nield LS. The missing “Bratz” doll. A case of vaginal foreign body. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23:897–898
  8. Caspi B, Zalel Y, Katz Z, et al. The role of sonography in the detection of vaginal foreign bodies in young girls: the bladder indentation sign. Pediatr Radiol. 1995;25(Suppl):S60–S61
  9. Caspi B, Zalel Y, Elchalal U, et al. Sonographic detection of vaginal foreign bodies. J Ultrasound Med. 1994;13:236–237
  10. Kihara M, Sato N, Kimura H, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of vaginal foreign bodies in a young girl. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2001;265:221–222
  11. Wu MH, Huang SC, Lin YS, et al. Intravaginal foreign body retained for a long duration. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 1995;50:193–195
  12. Owens SB, Morse WH. Prolapse of the female urethra in children. J Urol. 1968;100:171–174
  13. Lowe F, Hill GS, Jeffs RD, et al. Urethral prolapse in children: insights into etiology and management. J Urol. 1986;135:100–103
  14. Anveden-Hertzberg L, Gauderer MW, Elder JS. Urethral prolapse: an often misdiagnosed cause of urogenital bleeding in girls. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1995;11:212–214
  15. Rudin J, Vadim G, Alecseev E. Prolapse of urethral mucosa in white female children: experience with 58 cases. J Pediatr Surg. 1997;32:423–425
  16. Ilica AT, Kocaoglu M, Bulakbasi N, et al. Prolapsing ectopic ureterocele presenting as a vulval mass in a newborn girl. Diagn Interv Radiol. 2008;14:33–34
  17. Gleason PE, Kramer SA. Genitourinary polyps in children. Urology. 1994;44:106
  18. Garibaldi L. Disorders of pubertal development. In:  Kleigman R editors. Nelson textbook of pediatrics. (18th ed). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2007;p. 2309–2315
  19. Felner E, White P. Prepubertal gynecomastia: indirect exposure to estrogen cream. Pediatrics. 2000;105:e55
  20. Guarneri M, Brambilla G, Loizzo A, et al. Estrogen exposure in a child from hair lotion used by her mother: clinical and hair analysis data. Clin Toxicol. 2008;46:762–764
  21. Aksglaede L, Juul A, Leffers H, et al. The sensitivity of the child to sex steroids: possible impact of exogenous estrogens. Hum Reprod Update. 2006;12:341–349
  22. Heller M, Dewhurst J, Grant D. Premature menarche without other evidence of precocious puberty. Arch Dis Child. 1979;54:472–475
  23. James A. More than menorrhagia: a review of the obstetric and gynaecological manifestations of bleeding disorders. Haemophilia. 2005;11:295–307
  24. Dudgeon D, Grisoni E. Trauma to the female perineum. In:  Carpenter S,  Rock J editor. Pediatric and adolescent gynecology. (2nd ed). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2000;p. 115–121
  25. Dowd D, Fitzmaurice L, Knapp J, et al. The interpretation of urogenital findings in children with straddle injuries. J Pediatr Surg. 1994;29:7–10
  26. Merritt D. Genital trauma in children and adolescents. Clin Obstetr Gynec. 2008;51:237–248
  27. Grindlinger G, Vester S. Transvaginal injury to the duodenum, diaphragm and lung. J Trauma. 1987;27:575–576
  28. Lacy J, Brennand E, Ornstein M, et al. Vaginal laceration from a high-pressure water jet in a prepubescent girl. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2007;23:112–114
  29. Kunkel N. Vaginal injury from a water slide in a premenarchal patient. Pediatr Emerg Care. 1998;14:210–211
  30. Bond R, Dowd D, Landsman I, et al. Unintentional perineal injury in prepubescent girls: a multicenter, prospective report of 56 girls. Pediatrics. 1995;95:628–631
  31. Schneidler M, Shultz B, Schall L, et al. Mechanisms of blunt peritoneal injury in female pediatric patients. J Pediatr Surg. 2000;35:1317–1319
  32. Vogel A, Alesbury J, Burrows P, et al. Vascular anomalies of the female external genitalia. J Pediatr Surg. 2006;41:993–999
  33. Mulliken J, Fishman S, Burrows P. Vascular anomalies. Curr Probl Surg. 2000;37:517–584
  34. Jacobs A, Walton R. The incidence of birthmarks in the neonate. Pediatrics. 1976;58:218–222
  35. Haggstrom A, Drolet B, Baselga E, et al. Prospective study of infantile hemangiomas. J Pediatr. 2007;150:291–294
  36. Huang S, Tu H, Harney J, et al. Severe hypothyroidism caused by type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase in infantile hemangiomas. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:185–189
  37. Kim J, Colombo M, Frieden I. Ulcerated hemangiomas: clinical characteristics and response to therapy. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2001;44:962–972
  38. Girard C, Bigorre M, Guillot B, et al. PELVIS syndrome. Arch Dermatol. 2006;142:884–888
  39. Stockman A, Boralevi F, Taieb A, et al. SACRAL syndrome: spinal dysraphism, anogenital, cutaneous, renal and urologic anomalies, associated with angioma of lumbosacral localization. Dermatology. 2007;214:40–45
  40. Lowry D, Guido R. The vulvar mass in the prepubescent child. J Pediatr Adolesc Gynecol. 2000;13:75–78
  41. Andrassy R, Weiner E, Raney R, et al. Progress in the surgical management of rhabdomyosarcoma: a 25 year review from the Intergroup Rhabdomyosarcoma Study Group. J Pediatr Surg. 1999;34:731–735
  42. Vasquez R, Collini P, Meazza C, et al. Late relapse of embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma, botyroid variant, of the vagina. Pediatr Blood Cancer. 2008;51:140–141
  43. Handel L, Scott S, Giller R, et al. New perspectives on therapy for vaginal endodermal sinus tumors. J Urol. 2002;168:687–690
  44. Hwang E, Han S, Lee M, et al. Clinical experience with conservative surgery for vaginal endodermal sinus tumor. J Pediatr Surg. 1996;31:219–222

PII: S1522-8401(09)00010-X

doi: 10.1016/j.cpem.2009.01.007

Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine
Volume 10, Issue 1 , Pages 14-19 , March 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution